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Writer's pictureADITI AMONKAR

Bombay High Court: A Legacy of Justice Through Time

Have you ever wondered about the origins of iconic landmarks that stand as witnesses to the passage of time? The Bombay High Court, a distinguished historical building nestled in the heart of Mumbai, holds within its walls a captivating tale of evolution, transformation, and the pursuit of justice. Today, we delve into the annals of history, tracing the footsteps of rulers, architects, and legal luminaries who contributed to the establishment of one of India's oldest and most revered institutions.



Unraveling the Rich History of Bombay High Court

Every city holds within its streets and buildings stories of its past, stories that echo through time and remind us of the people and events that shaped its destiny. Among these stories, the Bombay High Court stands as an imposing witness to centuries of legal evolution and historical change. This magnificent structure, with its intricate architecture and storied halls, serves as a testament to the enduring pursuit of justice. As we step into the history of the Bombay High Court, let's journey through its origins, transformation, and significance.


The Dawn of an Era: From Raja Bhim to the Sultan of Gujarat

Our story begins in the year 1296, when Raja Bhim set foot on the shores of Bombay, a place that would one day become a thriving metropolis. Raja Bhim's arrival marked the first chapter in Bombay's history, one that would eventually lead to the establishment of the Bombay High Court. However, it was during the reign of Ramdev Devagiri that the city began to take shape. Under his rule, the city witnessed the establishment of landmarks that would go on to define its identity. Temples and structures like the temple of Prabhavati (now Prabhadevi) and Nyayagon (now Naigaon) were established, laying the foundation for Bombay's cultural landscape.

The subsequent rulers, including Pratap Dev, whose reign extended till 1325, further contributed to Bombay's growth. With each ruler, the city's history became a tapestry woven with stories of progress, governance, and societal changes, setting the stage for the eventual emergence of a legal institution that would shape the city's destiny.


The East India Company's Emergence and Aungier's Vision

In the annals of time, the year 1600 stands out as a pivotal moment. It was during this year that the East India Company found its roots in Surat and eventually made its way to Bombay. This marked the beginning of a new era for the city, as it transformed from a fishing village into a thriving hub of commerce and culture. Amidst these changes, one visionary emerged with a grand plan that would forever impact Bombay's trajectory—General Aungier.

Aungier's vision, fondly known as "Aungier's Plan," aimed to transform Bombay into a fortified port city. This ambitious blueprint envisioned a network of strategic forts in areas like Worli, Mahim, Dharavi, Rewa, Sayan, and Sewri. This plan wasn't just about defense; it was about creating a bustling port that would become a center of trade and economic growth. As Bombay evolved into a bustling city of promise, the legal framework that would govern its affairs was taking shape behind the scenes.


The Birth of Courts: From Recorder's Court to Supreme Court

As the 17th century progressed, so did the need for a structured legal system that could keep pace with the city's growth. The Recorder's Court, established under the Charter of 1798, marked a significant departure from previous iterations of legal administration. This court, led by a Recorder and assisted by experts in Hindu and Mahommedan law, was a step towards impartial justice.

This transition marked a shift towards professionalism in the legal realm. With the Recorder's Court in operation, the foundation was laid for the establishment of the Supreme Court in 1824. This new institution drew inspiration from English common law and equity. This marked a significant milestone in Bombay's legal journey—a milestone that would shape its role in the judicial landscape of the nation.


The Grand Inauguration and The Evolution of Jurisdiction

August 14, 1862, was a historic day that marked the official inauguration of the Bombay High Court. This monumental event brought together the Original and Appellate Jurisdiction inherited from the Supreme Court and the Sudder Diwani and Sudder Foujdari Adalats under a single roof. With the establishment of the High Court, the Penal Code, the Criminal Procedure Code, and the Code of Civil Procedure were enacted, providing a comprehensive legal framework.

The Charter of the High Court granted it authority as the final court of appeal, except for cases of paramount importance that demanded a further appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The Bombay High Court emerged as a guardian of rights and a beacon of justice, charged with upholding the rule of law and ensuring justice for all.


A Symphony in Stone: The Building and Its Hidden Stories

The physical embodiment of justice—the Bombay High Court building—rises majestically from the heart of the city. The journey from the inception of its construction in April 1871 to its completion in November 1878 was a testament to architectural ingenuity and meticulous planning. Designed by Colonel J.A. Fuller, R.E., the building reflects the early English-Gothic style, harmoniously blending beauty and purpose.

Beyond its awe-inspiring façade lies a world of stories etched in stone. Intricately carved sculptures adorn the building's nooks and crannies, each carrying its narrative. Among these sculptures is the famous one-eyed monkey judge, a curious figure that encapsulates tales of disputes and triumphs. According to local lore, this figure was inspired by a dispute between a European building contractor and a Parsi sub-contractor. The sub-contractor, seeking retribution for his loss in court, immortalized his grievance through stone and plaster, creating a lasting testament to human emotions and the pursuit of justice.


From Privy Council to Modern Justice: A New Dawn

As India approached independence, the Bombay High Court underwent a transformation that echoed the changing political landscape. The ties with the Privy Council, which had spanned two centuries, came to an end in 1949, signifying India's determination to chart its legal course. The Supreme Court of India emerged as the apex judicial authority, tasked with safeguarding fundamental rights and justice for all. This transition marked a significant shift, as the Bombay High Court and other high courts became integral components of India's legal framework.

The jurisdiction of the Bombay High Court expanded, reflecting the reorganization of states that took effect on November 1, 1956. Benches were established in Nagpur and Rajkot, ensuring that justice could be accessed by a broader population. The Bombay High Court's role extended to areas like Goa, Daman, and Diu, as well as Dadra and Nagar Haveli. With a sanctioned strength of 94 judges, the High Court continues to be a bastion of justice, upholding the principles that have guided it through the centuries.

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